Monarch Butterflies 

CropLife America’s Position

“CropLife America values the protection of threatened and endangered species and the vital role they play in our ecosystems. Farmers are dedicated stewards of the land who have long upheld a commitment to sustainable practices that support biodiversity and the preservation of natural resources for future generations. That’s why over the last decade, CropLife America and its members have partnered with government, farmers, and other conservation stakeholders to increase forage and habitat for the monarch butterfly over thousands of acres throughout its U.S. range. We believe in a multifaceted approach to helping ensure the vitality of the monarch butterfly, which includes only applying pesticides on crops when and where they are necessary and in the smallest amounts possible. This targeted pest management approach, combined with conservation activities, supports the monarch butterfly and promotes biodiversity on our land.”

The Issue

The North American migratory populations of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are beautiful, iconic creatures and are considered incidental pollinators. Monarch butterfly migrating populations are highly variable, but trends show general decline in the number in of monarchs overwintering in Mexico, while non-migrating populations appear stable. The primary drivers affecting the health of the two North American migratory populations are changes in breeding, migratory, and overwintering habitat (due to conversion of grasslands to agriculture, urban development, logging/thinning at overwintering sites in Mexico, unsuitable management of overwintering groves in California, and drought), continued use of herbicides and exposure to insecticides, and effects of climate change.

Both agriculture and biodiversity depend on all pollinators, and both intersect and interact in complementary ways. Farmers help protect and preserve the monarch by planting pollinator habitat and using pesticides only when and where needed. One of the leading research groups from Iowa State University is investigating the potential risk of pesticides to monarch populations. Their research has focused on the monarch butterfly in agricultural settings and has directly informed policy and mitigation options relative to potential pesticide exposure to monarchs.

Pollinator forage and habitat establishment, which includes initiatives by Farmers for Monarchs, has been an ongoing effort by numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and supported by some pesticide registrants. This type of work, along with other initiatives supported by both NGOs and pesticide registrants, not only help pollinators, but also contributes to the overall goal of increasing biodiversity in the landscape.

Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. monarch butterfly population is not currently listed as either threatened or endangered but is included during ESA Section 7 consultations as a candidate for listing, with an expected final ruling this year.

What are experts saying?

“The depth of this decline is beyond our experience, and the implications for the future of the monarch migration are surely of concern. This count does not signal the end of the eastern monarch migration. Monarch numbers are at a near all-time low because of drought conditions last fall that extended from Oklahoma deep into central Mexico. Droughts reduce flowering and therefore nectar production, and monarchs need the sugars in nectar to fuel the migration and to develop the fat reserves that get them through the winter. The numbers have been low many times in the past and have recovered, and they will again. To recover, monarchs will need an abundance of milkweeds and nectar sources. We need to get more milkweed and nectar plants in the ground, and we all need to contribute to this effort.”

— Orley “Chip” Taylor, Founding Director, Monarch Watch

Resources

What the industry is doing: